Abstract The effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on the proliferation and adhesion of probiotics would be investigated in the present study. Effects of ALA on intestinal flora were studied by animal fecal anaerobic fermentation system in vitro, which were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that treatment with ALA could promote the proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria Enterococcus and E. coli. ALA restored the abnormal intestinal flora caused by high-fat diet, which was beneficial to the improvement of intestinal flora structure. In addition, adhesive characteristics of probiotics to epithelial colon cells NCM460 were detected by plate counting and Gram staining, which indicated that ALA promoted adhesion of probiotics to colonic cells. In conclusion, ALA could promote the proliferation and adhesion of intestinal probiotics, which provides a basis for ALA to exert the healthy activities of intestinal probiotics.

Abstract Objective To compare sex difference in metabolic effect of olanzapine versus aripiprazole on schizophrenia. Methods A twelve-week prospective open-label cohort study to compare four subgroups according to first-episode schizophrenia patients’ type of drug usage and sex: female aripiprazole (n = 11), male aripiprazole (n = 11), female olanzapine (n = 10), and male olanzapine (n = 11) for body mass index, fasting serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose. Results Aripiprazole may be associated with weight gain in female patients with low-baseline weight. Aripiprazole may have an adverse effect of weight and favorable effects of circulating glucose and lipid on female over male schizophrenia patients. The aripiprazole–induced changes in glucose and lipid may be independent of body fat storage, especially for female schizophrenia patients. Olanzapine may have adverse effects of weight, glucose and lipid profiles on female over male schizophrenic patients. Discussion Our findings fill the gap in knowledge and provide a sex-specific guidance to psychiatrist better tailoring treatment to individual sex-differential characteristics and a key clue to understand the sex-differential mechanism of antipsychotics-induced metabolic dysfunction.

SUMMARY: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) measurement of cortical bone thickness and implantation angle in the maxillary posterior region was used to provide reference for the safety of Micro-Implanted-Anchorage (MIA) implantation in skeletal class II malocclusion. Twenty samples of CBCT images were collected from orthodontics patients (ages, 12-40 years) in Shanxi Medical University Stomatological Hospital, the thickness of cortical bone was measured at 45°, 60° and 90° from the alveolar crest, being at 4 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm, respectively. SPSS17.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data, and the one-way ANOVA and LSD method were compared. There was a significant difference in the thickness of the cortical bone obtained by implanting MIA at the same height of different angle (P≤0.05). The greater the inclination angle of the implanted MIA, the thicker the cortical bone. Also, the higher the implant site, the thicker the cortical bone thickness. Finally, the greater the thickness of the cortical bone in the maxillary posterior region of skeletal class II malocclusion, the greater the thickness of the cortical bone. At the same implantation height, implanted MIA with a tilt angle of 45º to 60º, 90º to obtain the best cortical bone thickness.

RESUMEN: La medición del grosor del hueso cortical y del ángulo de implantación en la región posterior del maxilar por tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC) se utilizó para proporcionar una referencia para la implantación y el anclaje seguros de un Micro-Implante de Anclaje (MIA) en la maloclusión de clase esquelética tipo II. Veinte muestras de imágenes de TCHC fueron obtenidas de pacientes de ortodoncia (12-40 años) en el Hospital Estomatológico de la Universidad Médica de Shanxi. Se midió el grosor del hueso cortical a 45°, 60° y 90° de la cresta alveolar, encontrándose a 4 mm, 6 mm y 8 mm, respectivamente. Se utilizó el software estadístico SPSS 17.0 para analizar los datos, y se compararon con los métodos ANOVA y LSD de un factor. Hubo una diferencia significativa en el grosor del hueso cortical obtenido al implantar el MIA a la misma altura en diferentes ángulos (P <0,05). Cuanto mayor es el ángulo de inclinación del MIA implantado, más grueso es el hueso cortical. También, cuanto más alto es el sitio del implante, más grueso es el grosor del hueso cortical. Finalmente, cuanto mayor sea el grosor del hueso cortical en la región posterior del maxilar, en la maloclusión de clase esquelética tipo II, mayor será el grosor del hueso cortical.

During the past decades, various dictionaries for foreign learners of Chinese have seen the light. Except for one picture dictionary which is almost completely ignored in the academic literature, none of these dictionaries has taken into account the special needs which foreigners living in China and learning Chinese may have. This contribution will discuss these needs with special focus on lemma selection. We argue that foreigners living in China, in order to meet their lexicographical needs, require additional words typically occurring in social contexts in which they often find themselves, whether or not these words have a high corpus-frequency. As a solution we therefore recommend a set of selection criteria that combines corpus frequency and context relevance. Finally, we discuss how logfiles reflecting user behaviour can be used as a new and very reliable empirical source for lemma selection for an online Chinese learner's dictionary.

Gedurende die afgelope dekades het verskeie woordeboeke vir vreemdetaalleerders van Chinees ver-skyn. Buiten een prentewoordeboek wat byna heeltemal in die akademiese literatuur geïgnoreer is, het geeneen van hierdie woordeboeke die spesiale behoeftes wat buitelanders wat in China woon en Chinees aanleer, mag hê, in ag geneem nie. In hierdie artikel word hierdie behoeftes, met spe-siale fokus op lemmaseleksie, bespreek. Ons argumenteer dat buitelanders wat in China woon, addisionele woorde benodig wat tipies voorkom in sosiale kontekste waarin hulle hulself dikwels bevind, ongeag of hierdie woorde 'n hoë korpusfrekwensie het of nie. As oplossing hiervoor beveel ons 'n stel seleksiekriteria aan wat korpusfrekwensie en konteksrelevansie kombineer. Laastens bespreek ons hoe loglêers wat gebruikersgedrag weerspieël, as 'n nuwe en baie betroubare empi-riese bron vir lemmaseleksie vir 'n aanlyn Chinese aanleerderswoordeboek gebruik kan word.

To investigate the effects of morphological characteristics of cranial base on malocclusion by analyzing characteristics of sagittal and vertical facial types of Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion so as to provide theoretical references for clinical diagnosis and correction of early Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion in permanent teeth. We randomly selected lateral radiographs of the skull of 80 patients at the age of 1214 years old from the Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, China. There were 20 cases of Angle's class I malocclusion with average angle, 20 cases of Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion with average angle, 20 cases of Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion with low angle, and 20 cases of Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion with high angle. Winceph 8.0 software was used to measure 39 hard tissue markers and 13 indicators reflecting the characteristics of cranial base structure. One-way t-test was used in the average-angle class II division 1 group and average-angle class I group. Least significantdifference was utilized in patients with different vertical types of class II division 1 malocclusion.nterior (S-N) and posterior (S-Ba) cranial base lengths,and total cranial base length(Ba-N) were significantly longer in the class II division 1 patients compared with the class I patients. Significant differences in anterior cranial floor base angle (CF-PM), middle cranial floor base angle (Ba-SE-PM), and posterior cranial base inclination (SBa-FH) were determined between class II division 1 malocclusion and class I malocclusion patients. CF-PM angle and SBa-FH were smaller in class II division 1 subjects than in class I subjects. Ba-SE-PM angle and cranial floor base angle (Ba-SE-FMS) were larger in class II division 1 subjects than in class I subjects. No significant difference in cranial base angle (N-S-Ba) and anterior cranial base inclination (SN-FH) was detected between class II division 1 subjects and class I subjects. Morphology of cranial base and cranial floor base has a significant effect on sagittal and vertical facial types of Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion. The changes in the length of the posterior skull base and the inclination of the anterior skull base are mainly presented in the sagittal direction. Angle of cranial base and cranial floor base plays a certain role in vertical facial type of Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion.

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en investigar los efectos de las características morfológicas de la base craneal sobre la maloclusión, a través del análisis de los siferentes tipos faciales de maloclusión Clase II de Angle (sagital y vertical), para proporcionar referencias teóricas para el diagnóstico clínico y la corrección temprana de la maloclusión de clase II división 1 de Angle en dientes permanentes. Se seleccionaron al azar radiografías laterales de cráneo de 80 pacientes, entre 12-14 años de edad, del Departamento de Ortodoncia, Hospital de Estomatología, Universidad Médica de Shanxi, China. Hubo 20 casos de maloclusión clase I de Angle con ángulo promedio, 20 casos de maloclusión clase II de Angle con ángulo promedio, 20 casos de maloclusión Clase II de Angle con ángulo bajo y 20 casos de maloclusión clase 1 de Angle con ángulo alto. Se utilizó el software Winceph 8.0 para medir 39 marcadores de tejido duro y 13 indicadores que reflejan las características de la estructura de la base de cráneo. Se usó la prueba t de una vía en el grupo clase II de división 1 con ángulo promedio y el grupo clase I con ángulo promedio. Se detectaron diferencias mínimas significativas en pacientes con diferentes tipos verticales de maloclusión clase II división 1. Las longitudes de la base de cráneo posterior (SN) y posterior (S-Ba), y la longitud total de la base craneal (Ba-N) fueron significativamente mayores en la clase II, en comparación con los pacientes de la clase I. Se determinaron diferencias significativas en el ángulo de la base del piso craneal anterior (CF-PM), el ángulo de la base del piso craneal medio (Ba-SE-PM) y la inclinación de la base craneana posterior (SBa-FH) entre la maloclusión clase II división 1 y los pacientes con maloclusión de clase I. Los ángulos de CF-PM y SBa-FH fueron más pequeños en la clase II división 1 que en la clase I. El ángulo de Ba-SE-PM y el ángulo de base del piso craneal (Ba-SE-FMS) fueron mayores en sujetos de clase II división 1 que en sujetos de clase I. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en el ángulo de la base craneana (N-S-Ba) y la inclinación de la base craneal anterior (SN-FH) entre los sujetos de la clase II división 1 y los de la clase I. La morfología de la base craneal y de la base del suelo craneal tiene un efecto significativo en los tipos faciales sagital y vertical de maloclusión Clase II división 1 de Angle. Los cambios en la longitud de la base posterior del cráneo y la inclinación de la base anterior del cráneo se presentaron principalmente en la dirección sagital. El ángulo de la base craneal y la base del suelo craneal tiene cierto rol en el tipo facial vertical de la clase II de Angle.

Abstract The dechlorination efficiency of zinc oxide dust using microwave roasting was investigated capitalizing on the different microwave absorbing capacities of the compounds such as chlorine, lead, and zinc oxide. The associated dechlorination reactions were discussed in detail and the effect of all the influencing parameters such as the air flow rate, steam flow rate, the roasting temperature, roasting duration, and the mixing rate were assessed to identify the optimal conditions. The results indicated that a near 93% dechlorination of zinc oxide dust could be achieved, which would satisfy the requirements of the wet smelting electrolysis process. The optimal process parameters were identified to be an air flow of 300 L/h, a steam flow of 8 mL/min, a stirring speed of 60 rpm, a roasting temperature of 650 ºC, and a roasting duration of 60 min. Water vapor has an enhanced effect on dechlorination by microwave roasting.

Meaning in dictionaries ranks as the most frequent data type consulted by language learners. An extensive range of devices have been developed to represent the meaning of lexical items in learner's dictionaries. Starting from interpreting foreign language learners' lexicographic needs in specific user situations, this paper aims to examine the implications of customizing definitions from the cultural perspective with specific reference to Chinese learners of English. The purpose of this paper is three-fold: i) to understand the status quo of the lexicographic practice of English learner's dictionaries in terms of representing the cultural dimension of a lexical item; ii) to interpret the impacts of foreign language learners' language and cultural background on their lexicographic needs in terms of cultural aspects in L2 reception; iii) to address the identified problems with present lexicographic practices through model articles. It is expected that the findings in this paper can shed some light on interpreting other ethnic groups of learners' lexicographic needs in different situations and contribute to improving the services of learner's dictionaries in the future as well.

Betekenis in woordeboeke word beskou as die mees frekwente datasoort wat deur taalaanleerders opgesoek word. 'n omvattende reeks hulpmiddels is ontwikkel om die betekenis van leksikale items in aanleerderswoordeboeke weer te gee. Hierdie artikel begin by die interpretasie van vreemdetaalleerders se leksikografiese behoeftes in spesifieke gebruikersituasies en beoog om die implikasies van die pasmaking van definisies uit 'n kulturele perspektief te ondersoek met spesifieke verwysing na Chinese aanleerders van Engels. Die doel van hierdie artikel is drievoudig: i) om die status quo van die leksikografiese praktyk van Engelse aanleerderswoordeboeke te verstaan ten opsigte van die weergee van die kulturele dimensie van 'n leksikale item; ii) om die uitwerking van vreemdetaalleerders se taalkundige en kulturele agtergrond op hul leksikografiese behoeftes te interpreteer ten opsigte van kulturele aspekte by L2-resepsie; iii) om die geïdentifiseerde probleme met die huidige leksikografiese praktyke deur modelartikels aan te spreek. Daar word verwag dat die bevindinge in hierdie artikel lig sou kon werp op die interpretasie van aanleerders uit ander etniese groepe se leksikografiese behoeftes in verskillende situasies en ook 'n bydrae sou kon lewer tot die verbetering van die bruikbaarheid van toekomstige aanleerderswoordeboeke.

Abstract In this research, the effect of different citric acid concentrations, ammonia concentration, temperature, leaching time, stirring speed and liquid-to-solid ratio on the zinc leaching from low-grade zinc oxide ore in a NH3-H3C6H5O7-H2O system were studied. The results showed that the zinc leaching rate is only 4.7% when the citric acid concentration is 0 M, and the leaching efficiency of Zn increased with increasing citric acid concentration. Under the conditions: citric acid concentration of 1.0 M, ammonia concentration of 6 M, temperature of 25 °C, leaching time of 60 min, stirring speed of 300 rpm and the starting solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:5, 81.2% of Zn is leached. The mineralogical changes of the low-grade zinc oxide ores during the processes were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy associated with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). From the evidence we deduced that citric ions complexed with zinc ions, forming a Zn-citrate complex. As a result, the zinc leaching rate was improved without the risk of pollution or pretreatment. This makes it as a good choice for a more ecological treatment of hemimorphite.

Three new biphenyls were isolated from Garcinia multiflora. The structures of these biphenyls were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and their rotavirus activity was evaluated.

Three new chalcones were isolated from Desmodium oxyphyllum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic ressonance techniques. The compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines (NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3, and MCF7). The results showed that the compounds exhibited weak cytotoxicity against some selected cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 3.6 to 8.9 μM.

New butyrolactones aspernolides C and D, along with two known butyrolactones (A and B) were isolated from the culture of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic ressonance techniques, and electronic circular dichroism. The butyrolactones aspernolides C and D were tested for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus activity. The results showed that butyrolactones aspernolides C and D exhibited moderate anti-tobacco mosaic virus activity with IC50 values of 64.2 and 88.6 μM, respectively.

Quatro novas dibenzociclooctadienolignanas, neglectalignanas A-D (1-4), juntamente com dezenove compostos conhecidos (5-23), foram isolados das hastes de Schisandra neglecta. Suas estruturas e esteroquímicas foram elucidadas por métodos espectroscópicos, incluindo as técnicas de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 1D e 2D, e espectrometria de massas de alta resolução com ionização por electrospray (HR-ESI-MS). Avaliou-se as atividades anti-HIV e a citotoxicidade dos compostos 1-4 , e os resultados mostraram que os compostos 1-4 apresentam atividadade anti-HIV moderadas com valores de índice terapêutico (TI) acima de 61,7, 22,6, 57,7 e 27,9, respectivamente, e atividades citotóxicas fracas contra algumas das linhas celulares selecionadas.

Four new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, neglectalignans A-D (1-4), together with nineteen known compounds (5-23) were isolated from the stems of Schisandra neglecta. Their structures and stereochemistries were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D-, 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) techniques. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their anti-HIV activities and cytotoxicities. The results revealed that compounds 1-4 showed moderate anti-HIV-1 activities with therapeutic index (TI) values above 61.7, 22.6, 57.7, and 27.9, respectively, and weak cytotoxic activities for some selected cell lines.

Duas novas 2"-etil-furanoflavonas chamadas fistulaflavonas A e B juntamente com seis furanoflavonas conhecidas foram isoladas das hastes da Cassia fistula. As estruturas foram elucidadas por métodos espectroscópicos, incluindo as técnicas de NMR 1D e 2D e espectrometria de massa com ionização por electrospray de alta resolução (HRESIMS), e comparação com dados da literatura. Todos os compostos foram avaliados com relação a citotoxicidade para cinco linhas de células tumorais humanas. Um dos compostos mostrou potente citotoxicidade contra células SHSY5Y e MCF7, com valores de IC50 de 2,6 e 2,7 µmol L-1, respectivamente.

Two new 2"-ethyl-furanoflavones named fistulaflavones A and B together with six known furanoflavones were isolated from the stems of Cassia fistula. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D, 2D NMR and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) techniques, and comparison with literature data. All the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines. One of the compounds showed potent cytotoxicity against SHSY5Y and MCF7 cells with IC50 values of 2.7 and 2.6 µmol L-1, respectively.

Loss of Imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 and over-expressed IGF2 are associated with tumorigenesis. Our previous epidemiological study found a relatively high frequency of IGF2 LOI in healthy mid-gestation pregnant women. The aim of this study is to determine whether the expression of IGF2 is associated with its imprinting status in healthy Chinese pregnant women. The IGF2 imprinting status of 300 pregnant women was analyzed. 20 cases of IGF2 LOI and 20 cases of IGF2 retention of imprinting (ROI) were selected randomly for IGF2 expression analysis. The expression pattern of IGF2 between the group with IGF2 ROI and group with IGF2 LOI in healthy Chinese pregnant women was evaluated by real time PCR and western blot. The result showed no significant differences between IGF2 ROI and LOI groups in mRNA and protein levels. These results imply that IGF2 imprinting status has no obvious impact on its expression. There may be some unknown important factors other than imprinting status driving IGF2 expression.

This study demonstrated that the bacteria could adsorb Fe3+ and reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. Iron had significant bacteriostatic effects, which were directly proportional to the iron concentration and under the influence of pH and chelator. It presumed that the inhibition of Fe3+ acts through the formation of hydroxyl free radicals.